The Movie Of The Conjuring - 1433 Words

In the movie of The Conjuring, in certain instances it foreshadows a witch which is considered as a dark presence. This movie poster is effective in introducing or raising awareness of the way is being presented by telling the readers that this film is based on a true story and by showing readers that it will have a mysterious person in search. In the movie, there is a new family of seven, five daughters and their pet dog that moves into an unfrequented farmhouse which took place in the 70s. Strange things have been happening to the house as well with the family, they call investigators to look at the house to find out why weird things have been happening. The reason for the dark presence, appearance in the house is because someone had hung themselves at the house so unfortunately the house is haunted without the new family members being aware of it. The poster for the movie The Conjuring foreshadows a mysterious dark presence not seen by everyone through the specific placement of t he shadow, the color scheme, composition and spatial order. To begin, the writer of The Conjuring implies that this film is based on a true story. It being based on something truth that actually happens in real life the audience will be more aware and will be terrified of watching the movie. As demonstrated on the movie poster under the title it says â€Å"Based on the true case files of the warrens† all in capital dark bold letters. ThatShow MoreRelatedMovie Review : The Conjuring 2 1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conjuring 2 â€Å"Will lightning strike in the same place twice?† (Hughes). This was a question asked right before the sequel to The Conjuring was released. The Conjuring 2 lived up to all of the excitement and eagerness surrounding the movies release. Certain aspects of The Conjuring 2 were crucial in making it a good horror movie. The Conjuring 2 is a movie allegedly based on true events. The movie stars Patrick Wilson and Vera Farmiga as Ed and Lorraine Warren who were paranormal investigatorsRead MoreGothic Cinema And The Movie The Conjuring 1611 Words   |  7 Pagesmovies, The Conjuring and The Skeleton Key, gothic cinema proves to go hand in hand with the style of textual gothic and they both show to have a strong aesthetic force. In the pieces of gothic literature, â€Å"The Falls,† â€Å"The Book of Blood,† and â€Å"Amityville Horror,† they are all very strong gothic pieces which all have a strong aesthetic force. In the movie, â€Å"The Conjuring,† gothic cinema proves to go hand in hand with the style of textual gothic and it has a strong aesthetic force. In this movie, it portraysRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Bride Of Frankenstein 1514 Words   |  7 Pageschoosing two movies from the horror movie genre and comparing and contrasting them to concluded which out of the two is a better horror movie. The first movie that I watched for this discussion is the Bride of Frankenstein, this movie was made in 1935 and directed by James Whale. The Bride of Frankenstein is a sequel to The movie Frankenstein which follows the after math of the suspected death of Frankensteins monster. The second movie that I watched was The Conjuring 2 released in June,2016 and directedRead MoreThe Movie : An Evil Doll915 Words   |  4 PagesA movie about an evil doll that is trying to kill the people, who own it, may sound familiar to countless other movies with the same idea in mind, but what made Anna belle such a big anticipated movie would be that it is based on a true doll and it is a prequel to the big hit The Conjuring. Since The Conjuring was a great movie with a good scare factor, Annabelle would have to be just as good. However, after waiting in line for a prolong time and watching the movie, that was not the cause and allRead MoreThe Poster Of The Conjuring992 Words   |  4 PagesDescription: Immediately catching the eye when on looks upon this poster of The Conjuring is a a dark noose contrasted against a lighter colored and overcast sky. The noose is in the center of the poster hanging from a dead and decrepit limb that is protruding from a dead tree full of blacks and browns. There is a pile of dead leaves resting underneath the tree and through further observation, there seems to be a silhouette of a woman hanging from the aforementioned noose. Slightly left of the nooseRead MoreTwo Blockbuster Movies You Must See and One You Must Avoid Before 2014 Summer’s End725 Words   |  3 Pagesduring these times that watching an entertaining movie can bring your dull and boring day to one that is filled with excitement and exuberance. To enlighten your day, two movies you should watch over the summer are The Great Gatsby and Frozen. If you like movies that are action packed, filled with drama, and involve classy parties, then The Great Gatsby is a perfect movie for you. Leonardo Dicaprio is the star of the film, and with him, the movie can be a huge hit or a huge miss; thankfully, thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Devil In The Suit By Stephen King1148 Words   |  5 Pagesobjects, animals, or even a human being. Even though he represents any form of life, in Annabelle Creation he inhabits a porcelain doll that does not only look evil but he becomes aggressively possessive. Another movie where the Devil represents a human being who becomes possessed is in The Conjuring. The Devil can also be a representation of evil vengeful spirit who hunts for grieving souls in Lights Out. More importantly, he is recognized as a normal man that is dark and evil in â€Å"The Man in the BlackRead MoreEvolution Of The Witch From Early American Literature1609 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen many different stories and adaptations about the monster that is the witch. From one folktale, to a book, to a movie there are slight differences that make each interpretation very unique. The stereotype is, people think that witches have green skin, big noses, and that they fly on brooms with pointy hats. However, if we completely examine the different texts such as The Conjuring or The Crucible, we can see that certain events in that time might have had an influence on the portrayal of the witchRead MoreReligion, Religion And Spirituality1545 Words   |  7 Pagesthe story. In the movie, The Conjuring, the lack of religion in the family drastically affects the mother and her soul. In the story, â€Å"Good Country People,† the belief of religion in the mother and the disbelief of religion in Hulga affects the outcome of the story. In the story â€Å"Hell House,† the questions about spirituality affects the outcome of the story. In the story, â€Å"The Amityville Horror,† the opinions of a church affect the outcome of the story. In the movie, The Conjuring, the lack of religionRead MoreAnalysis Of Lurhman s Strictly Ballroom And Mitchell s It Follows Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagescontains only natural ambience. The only time it seems to do so is in key moments where it seems like the Follower is going to catch up to Jay and her friends. Otherwise, the music remains this subtle nuance to the movie and doesn’t add much. Mitchell instead relies on the visuals of the movie to create tension. It is a technique that is well used - the Follower does not rely on sound to catch up to it’s victims. It remains silent and the victim must literally keep their eyes open in order to avoid being

Proposal - 969 Words

Character Analysis: Elisa Allen John Steinbeck has a very engaging mind. He not only makes people think when they read his work; he makes them think through a number of scenarios with his tales. I believe that looking at this story, you sense this woman, Elisa Allen, is a woman who is very unhappy with her life. The only satisfaction Elisa gets out of life is being in her garden with her family of chrysanthemums. Elisa is very unsettled with her life as a whole. She does not like being stuck on the farm, away from the world and people outside her valley. She does not have any children so she treats her chrysanthemums as if they were her only allowed talent, gift, and special accomplishment, since they are a childless couple.†¦show more content†¦Elisa accomplished what she wanted to she had sexual relations with the loner, the rebel, the man from the wagon, while he got what he wanted: money and sexual relations. After it was all said and done I believe a great amount of shame and guilt crept over Elisa s body. She was very distraught over the fact that she had laid down with another man outside her marriage. After the man in the wagon left she ran inside and immediately took a bath which further proves my point of the inappropriate behavior that had taken place. Elisa becomes very uncomfortable when she and her husband are driving their car to town and they see the man’s wagon creeping slowly down the road in front of them. When they get closer Elisa sees that the man has thrown her chrysanthemums out of the wagon keeping the pot that she had put them in. I believe it was as if the man spit in her face. He took advantage of her and played her for a fool. Once again he got what he wanted and threw away what he did notShow MoreRelatedBusiness Proposal1133 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness proposal A business proposal is perhaps one of the most critical documents you need to learn how to write. It is what spells the difference between success and failure, whether you’re a freelancer or you have a company of your own. In today’s cut-throat business world, entrepreneurs find themselves spending hours upon hours submitting business proposals to potential clients, and not get any results. On the other hand, there are those that are like snipers, able to get the contract afterRead MoreResearch Proposal661 Words   |  3 Pagespublications such as websites that provides real estate information, as well as statistics about the area’s median income, population, etc. Primary Date. Proper primary data will not be found at this time due to the timeline of this research. Once the proposal is approved, and the research is further conducted, I will be able to present primary data when the project is realistically implemented in ten years from now. Data Analysis The research obtained for the financial features of this project willRead MoreProposal for Final Project996 Words   |  4 PagesPROPOSAL FOR FINAL PROJECT Background This is my answer to the Week 5 which is the starting week for the Module Three Final Project. I will be using diverse sources of knowledge and information including real life experience, text books, class discussions, journals and publications both hard copy; and where available and on the internet. I will be doing an original review and analysis in the final project. Proposal This week however, I will be submitting a proposal for the final project. ThisRead More Project Proposal Essay568 Words   |  3 PagesProject Proposal INTRODUCTION Topic and Purpose This proposal identifies the need for a document, which will propose and develop reasons why a for-profit transportation service for Kent should be perused. This service should be considered because of the recent parking and commuting problems both on and off campus. There have been many reasons why on-campus parking has become difficult in recent years. Increased student enrollment at Kent State University has posed many problems. TheRead MoreProject Proposal Template1433 Words   |  6 Pagesreza.sinha@yahoo.com Project Proposal Template Cover Page United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability Project title:   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Name of implementing agent(s):  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project location:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Proposed starting date:  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Project duration: Amount requested from Voluntary Fund (US$): Government inputs:  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Implementing agent inputs: Other donor inputs: Brief summary description of the project proposal: Describe problem addressed, proposed solution, expected results, intended beneficiariesRead MoreParts of a Research Proposal2853 Words   |  12 PagesPARTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Typical parts of a research proposal are: Title (or Cover) Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research, and Significance of Research) Background (including Literature Survey) Description of Proposed Research (including Method or Approach) Description of Relevant Institutional Resources List of References Personnel Budget The Title (or Cover) Page. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page,Read MoreProposal For The City Of Houston1840 Words   |  8 PagesPurpose: The purpose of my proposal is to propose a plan for the city of Houston to consider becoming a â€Å"No-Kill City† and adopt â€Å"No-Kill† animal control policy in regards to city run and funded animal shelters. Specifically, if the city council would consider the policy or a trial of it, it could be adapted to fit the city financially and effectively with available resources that would save lives and the city itself money. Summary: The purpose of this proposal is to make aware of a large problemRead MoreOutline Of A Proposal Outline3454 Words   |  14 Pagesplans to make alterations to Francis Hall, a newly renovated building on the Texas AM Campus for the Construction Science Department and student. Specifically, the first task is survey to compile major courses of action, followed by compiling a proposal in conjunction with a general contractor for consideration by the Board of Regents. The original renovation had a budget of 5 million dollars, which included classrooms, a computer lab, student lounge, lavatories, and staff offices. The renovationRead MoreSample-Catering-Proposal1924 Words   |  8 PagesSample Proposal This sample was written using these Proposal Pack templates: Cover Letter, Title Page, Client Summary, Cost Summary, Samples, Services Provided, Testimonials This sample proposal was created using Proposal Pack Food #1. The purchase link below is for your convenience if you wish to purchase the graphic theme used to create this specific sample (no purchase is necessary to view the sample). You would purchase this graphic theme ONLY if you want to create a custom proposal with thisRead MoreLetter Proposal-Format3054 Words   |  13 Pages | |LETTER PROPOSALS | |A letter proposal is a short grant proposal, usually two to four pages long. Written in letter | |form, it is primarily targeted to private sponsors, such as foundations and corporations, though | |it can be viewed as a preproposal for federal sponsors. Most federal program officers like to | |receive a letter proposal because it presents them with a concept

Porphyrias lover Essay Example For Students

Porphyrias lover Essay Romantic writers often held interesting philosophies of sexuality. On one hand, they were taught to believe that sensual things were sinful, while on the other hand, they were constantly confronted with sexuality in everyday life. Robert Browning is one of the most renowned Romantic poets who often explored the issue of sexuality. In his dramatic poem Porphyrias Lover Browning demonstrates a malicious intertwining of violence, morals, masculinity, and sexuality. His use of setting, gender roles, and transgression illustrate this point. Romanticism is partially characterized by its longing to return to a leisurely, peaceful, private era in which society is not confined in an urban setting. In the beginning of the poem, the setting is perfectly romantic: a cottage by a lake, a roaring storm, and perfect seclusion. As the depiction of the setting is complete, Porphyria enters, soiled from the storm. The woman comes from the woods, having escaped from a party to see her lover. Here, Brow ning is equating the woman to nature. The two are traditionally compared to one another for their purity and beauty. This sets the model for what a woman should be. When Porphyria comes to see her lover, she is concerned with physical intimacy. First she performed a nineteenth century striptease for her lover:Withdrew the dripping cloak and shawl, And laid her soild gloves by, untiedHer hat and let the damp hair fall. Porphyria is taunting her lover. First taking off wet clothes, then removing her gloves (a very unladylike thing to do); Porphyria is seducing the narrator. The unwed woman then lets her hair fall in front of a man. This would be the modern day equivalent to a woman taking her shirt off in public. Porphyria then tries to physically entice him to come to her. After no reply, she goes to him and touches his waist and bears her shoulder to the narrator. He is overcome with emotion, and wants the moment to last forever. In the time this poem was written, this overt sexuali ty was shocking and immoral. Good girls were not supposed to be sexual beings or have sexual feelings, but here we see a female pursuing a male. As opposed to the image of Porphyria as an innocent seductress, the narrator portrays himself as very masculine and sexist. He speaks of possessing Porphyria, how she worshiped him and how she would give herself to him forever. The narrator says that he is very proud of all these things. These statements show that the narrator possesses some very sexist ideas. The narrator obviously has an odd, possibly forbidden relationship with her. Porphyria comes from a rich family, and cannot formally wed her lover. She sneaked away from a gay feast during a storm. She is Too weak, for all her hearts endeavor/To set her struggling passion free/From pride, and vainer tiesThese vainer ties represent her family and money. In the narrators mind, Porphyria is selfish, not willing to marry below her class. In this case, it is thought that a woman should mar ry below her class in the name of love. However, Porphyria turns the tables on the narrator, goes against the sexual standard, and insists on a purely sexual relationship. The narrator is obviously slighted by her disdain for his social position. He is a man, and should have what he wants; in his mind, he deserves her. He is a man who cannot have what he wants; therefore it is justifiable that he does anything, even murder, to get it. His transgressions are justified through his right to sexual conquest. For want of deserves yet cannot have, the man moves to violence. A critic of Browning, Barbara Melchiori, asserts that by killing Porphyria, the narrator preserves her purity and his own.This cannot be the reason behind her murder. The narrator did indeed love Porphyria, but she constantly controls the relationship. She is the one who had to sneak away to see him. She is the one who will not pursue their relationship outside of his poor cottage. The man would not tolerate this domin ance by a female, yet he is desperate to save their time together. Therefore, he murders his lover. 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Food Pyramid Essay

White Paper on Cloud Computing

Introduction Cloud computing has been described as one of the most innovative IT solutions that companies need to incorporate into their operations. Cloud computing is a network of computing systems hosted within virtual environments. Cloud computing enables an organisation to provide shared software, hardware and other electronic resources to its users.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on White Paper on Cloud Computing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This saves the company high costs that would have been used to procure and maintain complex and expensive IT systems. Computer files and applications are easily accessed by users through the internet. Employees working in remote locations are easily connected to the main workstation without having to be there physically. Usage of Cloud Computing An organisation needs innovative solutions to help it meet its short term and long term objectives. Cloud computing offe rs many benefits to an organisation. Cloud providers and services vary and it is important to select a model that suits the operations of an organisation. The service provider chosen must satisfy standard procedures necessary for the smooth running of the organisation. Cloud computing ensures that an organisation uses its scarce resources more efficiently. IT based functions which enable an organisation to run are hosted on a cloud computing system. This ensures that users in the organisation have access to vital information and data from any location through the internet. The organisation can benefit by achieving positive outcomes in its operations. The defining attribute of this system is that an organisation does not need to install expensive software systems nor pay high licence fees. The service provider covers all costs associated with applications used in running IT based functions in the organisation (Beheshti, 2011, p. 122). Figure 1. Operations supported by cloud computin g systems. Source Courtney, C. 2012.Advertising Looking for assessment on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Infrastructure An effective cloud system is one that provides a platform on which configurations, provisions and transactions by servers operate. This system distributes various computing functions and combines services offered to respond to performance needs in the organisation. It delivers an extensive virtual IT system through which all operations of an organisation are performed. As such, hardware and software operate in environments which encourage flexibility. This is made possible through servers which are interconnected with other computers which users rely on to perform their duties (Beheshti, 2011, p. 124). Hybrid Cloud A hybrid cloud that has the ability to integrate functions for both external and internal users is suitable for a large organisation’s operations. General low risk applica tions can be operated on a public cloud. These operations include PR, sales enquiries and employee work schedules. High risk functions that need a lot of confidentiality should be operated on a private cloud. These functions include payrolls, legal issues, user identities, usernames, passwords, contracts and all financial records. A hybrid cloud separates the functions an organisation performs according to the risk involved which guarantees a higher level of security (Beheshti, 2011, p. 124). Cloud Services The services that are offered by a cloud computing system include: Desktops hosted on a cloud service eliminate the need for PC’s in the office. These desktops allow users to access regular desktop PC services from remote locations through the internet. Emails are hosted on virtual systems which minimise the need for an organisation to spend on internal email hosts. Companies store email on virtual servers which guarantee faster and more efficient access to their users.Adv ertising We will write a custom assessment sample on White Paper on Cloud Computing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A cloud system stores all files which reduces the cost of managing and maintaining them internally. Users are able to access stored files through the internet which is convenient for an organisation. Servers which are flexible and scalable allow organisations to regulate the quantity of speed and space they need. Organisations can alter their virtual server functions to suit their constantly changing needs and functions (Beheshti, 2011, p. 126). Benefits An organisation reduces the costs incurred in managing and maintaining expensive IT hardware and systems. It is able to adopt a lean operational model because it pays only for services it needs and when it needs them. Scalability is one of the main benefits offered by a cloud service. A firm is able to access a lot of resources without unnecessary limitations. This allows the organisation to experience positive growth. A firm that uses cloud systems understands market changes and consumers’ needs better. A firm can change its products, operations and strategies to be in line with the changing needs of its customers. It offers different types of users a shared platform which serves their needs effectively. Firms are able to customise their products and operations to suit their end users thereby making them more satisfied. A firm is able to streamline its internal and external procedures more effectively. Cloud computing encourages workers to work with less supervision which leads to positive work outcomes (Mahmood Hill, 2011, p. 210). Service Providers VMware offers hybrid cloud services which are suitable for both internal and external processes that an organisation undertakes. The company offers integrated cloud solutions that target both low risk and high risk operations in a firm.Advertising Looking for assessment on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Amazon has a variety of cloud service offerings. The Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud offers more flexibility and efficiency to a company. The service encourages an organisation to expand the space it needs and customise the cloud operations to satisfy its core functions. HP offers various cloud related services in the market. The HP Enterprise Business offers all the necessary IT support services depending on the nature and size of the organisation. The Lenovo Cloud offers many services to business enterprises depending on their storage needs. The cloud has large storage efficiency and email support. An organisation is able to customise its cloud to be in line with its internal processes and procedures (Mahmood Hill, 2011, p. 211-214). Security Issues Various security issues need to be considered in cloud computing. These issues are: Careless or malicious users can compromise the security of information, data and applications contained in a cloud system. Some vendors could be practici ng without being certified by relevant authorities. Vendors who operate without proper legal recognition may not guarantee the required level of safety on information stored in their cloud systems. The location of data can be a big security issue. A service provider may fail to protect the location of data stored in the cloud and this may end up causing security breaches in a firm (Van der Molen, 2010, p. 76). Some cloud systems have poor recovery capabilities in case of any problem that leads to the loss or destruction of valuable information. They lack proper backup systems which aid the retrieval of lost information and data. Some cloud service providers cannot be relied upon by their clients for a long period. If a company dissolves or becomes bankrupt, a service provider may fail to provide files and data to its client stored in its cloud system. Mitigations People that have privileged access to important data must be vetted to ensure they have strong moral and technical abilit ies. There should be strict guidelines on how users perform various functions in remote locations. A firm should audit service providers before any relationship is established. A firm needs to ensure that the service provider has complied with the set standards and conditions in the industry. Data needs to be classified according to its importance to the firm. The provider needs to encrypt all data to prevent any unauthorised intrusion that compromises security. There should be adequate backup systems that enable retrieval and recovery of lost data in case a disaster occurs. A firm needs to know the time its service provider can take to recover lost or destroyed data during a disaster. A firm should establish the long term reliability of a service provider. It should insist on openness and should carry out routine checks on the cloud system to find out its safety standards (Van der Molen, 2010, p. 79-81). Security Issue Mitigation Data security on a cloud can be compromised. Se rvice providers may not be certified. A service provider may have inadequate control of location where data is kept. Poor recovery abilities in times of disasters. Long term unreliability of service providers. Users with privileged access must be thoroughly vetted. Firms should audit service providers. Encryption of all locations where data is kept keeps out intruders. Proper backup systems help in retrieving data in times of disasters. A firm should carry out constant checks to ensure its data is safe. Figure 2. Table showing security issues and their mitigations. Implementation Cloud computing as discussed above offers many benefits to an organisation. The organisation needs to prepare its workers and other users of its IT systems before changes are effected. There is a need for employees to be trained on how to perform IT supported functions from remote locations through a cloud system. The organisation needs to assess functions that are to be performed through a cloud system. The likely impact of the system on operational costs and work outcomes also needs to be assessed. The organisation should only consider service providers who are certified with a positive track record of achievement and success (Van der Molen, 2010, p. 84). Cloud computing services chosen should be compatible with a firm’s internal IT infrastructure. This will ensure that there is a concurrence between the functions performed by the firm’s internal IT departments and those performed by the cloud. A firm needs to ensure that its employees are adequately prepared to work under reduced supervision to justify the shift to a cloud computing system. A firm needs to be able to scale its activities in the cloud system depending on the functions its users need to perform. Cloud computing helps a firm to improve its performance in the market by focusing only on the important aspects of its operations (Van der Molen, 2010, p. 87). Summary A firm which uses this innovative techno logy is likely to get positive rewards in future. An organisation needs to ensure that the service providers it chooses meet its expectations. A firm can benefit from reduced capital costs and improved efficiency in its operations. However, the element of risk should not be underestimated. Organisations need to reduce their vulnerabilities to risks caused by poor IT security. Cloud computing helps a firm to meet its long term and short term market objectives. References Beheshti, S.A. (2011). Business process on-demand; Studying the enterprise cloud computing and its role in green IT. Berlin: Grin- Verlag. Mahmood, Z. Hill, R. (2011). Cloud computing for enterprise architectures. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Van der Molen, F. (2010). Get ready for cloud computing. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. This assessment on White Paper on Cloud Computing was written and submitted by user Jeremiah Todd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Post Open Heart Surgery Depression Essay Example

Post Open Heart Surgery Depression Essay Example Post Open Heart Surgery Depression Essay Post Open Heart Surgery Depression Essay Abstract The focus of this paper is to conclude a theory that presents an explanation as to why a large percentage of patients often develop depression post open-heart surgery. This theory will consider dynamic causes of depression including physiological, psychological, developmental, social, and spiritual factors of patient experiences. Post-Cardiovascular Surgery Depress Physiologic Stressors Depression is among one of the many risks involving any cardiac open-heart surgical procedure. The body is put under a tremendous amount of physical stress and could cause someone to feel the effects of depression. A saw is used to crack open the sternum, the muscles are stretched apart and the adjacent nerves are strained to expose the underlying body systems. The combination of broken bones, pulled muscles, and pinched nerves can cause extreme pain in the patient. The pain experienced by this procedure can deter patients from taking the necessary steps to rehabilitate themselves and from returning to their optimum state of wellness. The physical pain could prevent one from working with physical therapy, causing further muscle and mobility loss. The simple task of taking a deep breath may be far too painful for patients and potentially cause further problems such pneumonia. Patients are told after surgery their length of stay is four to five days so long as there are no complications. If patients are unable to return to their normal level of functioning they potentially would have to go to inpatient rehab, assisted living facilities or their length of stay may be increased before able to return home. Other common post operative complications such as dysrhythmias cause a patient’s length of stay in the hospital to be greater than anticipated which also contributes to their depressed mental state. Psychological Stressors Sometimes the greatest conflict a patient endures post open-heart surgery is the struggle between his or her own psyche and mentality. Pain, although may seem like a physical stressor actually can cause an adverse effect on a patient’s dignity and may shatter his or her confidence. Simple tasks such as taking deep breathing and preforming their minimum of four walks daily may cause the patient to view those tasks as impossible feats due to their pain and lack of confidence. An added stressor one may find difficult to accept is his or her altered body image. Open-heart surgeries leave a fairly large and noticeable mid-sternal incision and may cause the patient to become depressed about the change to their physical appearance. Developmental Stressors It is proven fact that post cardiothoracic surgical procedures cause a decline in cognitive function in patients that is potentially irreversible but in most causes resolves with in a few months after surgery (Fintel, 2011). This cognitive delay can cause unclear thinking and reasoning in patients preventing them from reaching reconstitution. The cognitive delay may present as frustration in patients but ultimately results in depression. Social Stressors Patients experience mental and physical stressors from open-heart surgery but also experience extra-personal stressors that are placed on their social life. Since patients are unable to drive, use their upper body for any type of strenuous activity, or lift anything greater than 5lbs for six to eight weeks post open-heart surgery, it is possible that the activity restrictions post-op put a damper on one’s spirit because he or she is unable to preform their usual activities needed for everyday life, fitness, work, etc. This causes patients to often feel that their independence is taken away and feel frustration for having to depend on others to do things for them, and an overwhelming sense of guilt for having to place their burden on others close to them, which are all factors that further contribute to his or her depressive state of mind. Patients often feel guilty and realize that their numerous amount of needs and support put a strain on others close to them, whether it is another family member or friend. Patient’s worry that the relationships they had pre-open heart surgery will never be the same due to their condition. It is important for patients to realize that a support system is so vital to their recovery and wellbeing. Spiritual Stressors Open-heart surgery will also try a patient’s spirituality. Patients may ask God, â€Å"why me? † and develop a sense of anger and or betrayal. This may cause he or she to feel forsaken and separated from God; this mistrust in God can further contribute to a patient’s loneliness and depression. The varying combinations of stressors mentioned above compromise a patients normal state of mind and can easily be attributed to their negative and depressed way of thinking which only makes sense to lash out against God. Hopefully a patient’s actions and mentality can be persuaded and enlightened by the nurse or others taking care of the patient. (Isaiah 41:10 KJV) â€Å"Don’t you be afraid, for I am with you. Don’t be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you. Yes, I will help you. Yes, I will uphold you with the right hand of my righteousness. † It is important for the patients to see their condition in a more positive and proactive light. This patient should view their surgery as a success through the power of God and as second chance to change their life style to improve their health and hopefully prevent the need for future surgical procedures. Conclusion The author speculates that post open-heart surgery depression is triggered by an array of stressors. The diverse stressors discussed above act in conjunction and almost create domino effect to cause a patient to feel overcome with depression. The physiological stressors trigger patients to become hopeless about their physical restrictions and cognitive dysfunction, which leads to self doubt, dependence on others which affects their psyche. The preceding psychological stress causes them to rely on family and friends for support and depression can stem from lack of support received or from guilt; which causes them to become reclusive to their former social domain. Finally when patients are feeling low and alone he or she may choose to blame God for their current predicament. There are many directions in which stressors can develop to cause depression in patients but the writer believes that it is the integration of all these stressors that further contribute to ones depressed state of mind. Discussion Question Do you think there are other causes of post open-heart surgery depression that I did not mention? If so, what else could help explain the cause? Do you support my theory?

Michel Trudeau Killed by Avalanche in 1998

Michel Trudeau Killed by Avalanche in 1998 Michel Trudeau, the 23-year-old son of former Canadian Prime Minister  Pierre Trudeau  and Margaret Kemper and younger brother of current Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was killed by an avalanche in British Columbias  Kokanee Glacier Park  on November 13, 1998. Three other skiers also present on the slopes were rescued by a national park service helicopter from the provincial park in the wilderness area northeast of Nelson, B.C., where the young Trudeau was presumed to have been pushed off the ski trail by the avalanche and swept down into Kokanee Lake, where he was believed to have drowned. A private memorial service for family and friends was held on Friday, November 20, 1998, in Outremont, Quebec, though his body was never recovered from the lake. After the Incident Nearly ten months after the avalanche that killed Michel Trudeau, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) sent a dive team into Kokanee Lake to search for his body, but a long winter, cold summer, and snow in the Rockies hampered search efforts. Before beginning the search, the R.C.M.P. cautioned that it was possible young Trudeaus body may never be found because divers could only go down to a depth of 30 meters (about 100 feet) while the lake is 91 meters (close to 300 feet) deep at its center. After nearly a month of searching - largely due to the limited number of days of open waters on the lake and the high altitude that prevented deep diving - Trudeaus family called off the search without recovering the body and later erected a chalet nearby as a memorial to Michel. More About Michel Nicknamed Miche by Fidel Castro (of all people) during a visit with his grandparents to Cuba in 1976, Michel Trudeau was born only four months before on October 2, 1975, in Ottawa, Ontario. Upon retiring from politics, Michels father Pierre moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, where the 9-year-old Michel would spend the rest of his childhood. Michel attended the Collà ©ge Jean-de-Brà ©beuf before pursuing a graduate degree in microbiology at Nova Scotias Dalhousie University. At the time of his death, Michel had been working at a mountain resort in Rossland, British Columbia for about a year.   On November 13, 1998, Michel and three friends set out on a backcountry skiing trip in the Kokanee Glacier Park, but the avalanche separated the group from Michel as he was swept downhill into the lake.   After his death, a newly discovered varietal of rose was named after him, dubbed the Michel Trudeau Memorial Rosebush, with proceeds from sales of the new flower benefitting the Canadian Avalanche Foundation, which helps survivors and victims of Canadas many avalanches recover after getting caught in one of natures most destructive natural disasters.

Mnutes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mnutes - Essay Example A motivational session with speaker David Miln Smith has been scheduled for the 17th and 18th of June. A total of four sessions; a morning and evening session per day with two hour duration, has been arranged. There was also a mention about the meeting with COL Haselden to be held on the 13th of May in order to review the slides for the Mission Partners Meeting that was scheduled for the 27th of May. Members were requested to ensure the correctness of their slides by reviewing them on their U-Drive and then to send slides to Ms. Wingate. Chief Haynes took the opportunity to tank everyone for their contribution and participation in the Centennial Celebration. He stated that had it not been for everybody’s cooperation, the event would not have been as successful as it had turned out. Mr. Harris stated that the 1st BSAT moves would begin on that day and they will be moving from AFIP to WRIAR. He further added that all the tasks have been completed on time and that five new tasks alone awaited completion. Mr. Larochelle stated that he had sent out the Hand Receipt spreadsheet that week and added that if anyone wanted to update their hand receipts they could do so as they could then account for all the items on the receipt. With regard to the Human Recourses Pilot Project, it was announced that MEDCOM had assigned Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) as one of the agencies to hire Non-US citizens for a few highly specialized

United States school counseling program Term Paper

United States school counseling program - Term Paper Example School counseling is not a new concept; it has been in existence since long; however, it is also true that school counseling at elementary and middle level is a later development as compared to high school and college counseling.Academic counseling, vocational guidance and other forms of school counseling are offered in most schools these days for the students who need it. According to the Education Encyclopedia (2011), school counselors facilitate communication between students, teachers and parents while striving to make learning process a positive experience for all parties involved. This paper will provide a brief history and evaluation of the school counseling program specifically at elementary and middle high school level offered to students in the USA, focusing on the roles and responsibility of a school counselor. History of School Counseling In USA:Though existence of informal school counseling, where the teacher played the role of counselor is centuries long, almost as long as that of education itself; the history of formal school counseling can be traced back to the beginning of twentieth century. In the pro social reform movement period, when child labor was at its peak, counseling was introduced in many schools of USA, but this was mostly vocational counseling which aimed at transforming people in the workforce into productive members of the society (Education Encyclopedia, 2011). During its first half, the 20th century faced two world wars. Two noticeable events occurred in the post war era that cleared the way for counseling in schools as we know it today (Yau, 1988). One was the establishment of American School Counselor Association in 1950 and second was inclusion of aid for counseling in guidance in the national defense education act in 1958 (Education Encyclopedia, 2011). In 1970’s the focus of school counseling was further expanded to engulf the special needs department. Special needs students also fell under the department of school counselor as per the Education for all handicapped children act in 1978. The ASCA has also developed a set of national standards for school counseling program, which serves as a guide for all school counselors regarding their role and responsibilities (Sabella, 2006). Importance of School Counseling Professional school counseling helps in maximizing student success via promotion of a safe and supportive learning environment (ASCA, 2009). According to Gysbers (2003), identity issues, problems pertaining to academic learning, peer pressure, drugs and changing or disturbing family relationships are a common part of students’ daily lives in the USA today. The role of counselor is therefore very important. The school counselor not only identifies the students in need of assistance, but also serves to rectify the problems and help the students in solving their issues. This is attained via expanding communication channels and introducing the students to effective life coping strateg ies as per the requirement. 2. ROLE OF A SCHOOL COLUNSELOR A review of available literature was conducted in order to find out the current trends and issues in school counseling in the USA and to explore the roles of a school counselor in America. The ASCA have carefully developed a national model for professional school counselors to follow. This model is typically based on four areas, namely: foundation, delivery, management and accountability (ASCA, 2011). The element of foundation in the model points out that the counselors are to develop a philosophy in their work and then to follow it. Ideally, counselors create a mission statement in collaboration with that of the school they are working at to create a supportive environment for the students that encourages learning. Delivery refers to the provision of required and expected services by the counselor to the staff, teachers, students’ and parents. Management also falls within the realm f counseling. As per the national

Statue of Liberty Essay Example for Free

Statue of Liberty Essay A universal symbol of democracy and freedom, The Statue of Liberty, is a gift of companionship from the France people to the United States people. The Statue of Liberty enlightening the globe was devoted on 28th October, 1886. In 1924, The Statue of Liberty was designated and selected as a National Monument. The meaning of The Statue of Liberty is Liberty Enlightening the World and is an enormous neoclassical monument in New York Harbor on Liberty Island. It was designed by the Frederic Bartholdi and it is a figure of female. The female represents the Roman Goddess of Freedom, Libertas, who puts up with a tablet inducing the law (tabula ansata) and a torch. When you look at it, I can feel it tells me a lots of things: Liberty, freedom, power to take on the world. And win. On the tabula ansata, 4th July, 1776, the American Declaration of Independence date is emblazoned. At the feet of the Statue of Liberty lies a broken chain. The Statue of Liberty is a convivial signal to the immigrants that are arriving from overseas and it is an icon of the United States and its freedom. The height of the Statue of Liberty is 151ft that is 46.5 meters and along with the pedestal the statue reaches a height of 305 ft that is 93 meters . Inside the statue there are 354 stairs that end at the crown from where a nice view of the New York is available (WHC, 2013). The Statue of Liberty Ellis Island Foundation (SOLEIF) founded by the President Ronald Reagan in 1982. This was done to start a classified division attempt to lift resources for the re-establishment and safeguarding of the Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty. The Foundation initially began the renovation of the Statue of Liberty along with the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. This was done because the statue needs refurbishment due to a century of sightseeing and weather pollution. On 4th July, 1986, a three day event was celebrated on the restoration of the statue. This weekend was also named as the â€Å"Liberty Weekend† by the President Francois and President Reagan (NPS, 2013). The Statue of Liberty is an icon and symbol of international friendship, companionship and alliance of the United States and France. It describes the liberty and freedom of the people of United States. The Statue of Liberty is an emblem of warm welcome to the people coming from overseas and abroad. To me Lady Liberty was meant to stand for the opportunity afforded to all who either came here or were born here. All that was required was the willingness to work,strive,and dream of a better day. References NPS (2013) History of the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., retrieved from http://statueofliberty.org/Statue_History.html NPS (2013) History of the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., retrieved from http://statueofliberty.org/Foundation.html NPS (2013) Statue of Liberty: National Monument New York. National Park Service: U.S. Department of the Interior, retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/stli/index.htm WHC (2013) Statue of Liberty. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/307

Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind Essay -- Ryle Concept Mind Philosop

Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind Gilbert Ryle’s The Concept of Mind (1949) is a critique of the notion that the mind is distinct from the body, and is a rejection of the philosophical theory that mental states are distinct from physical states. Ryle argues that the traditional approach to the relation of mind and body (i.e., the approach which is taken by the philosophy of Descartes) assumes that there is a basic distinction between Mind and Matter. According to Ryle, this assumption is a basic 'category-mistake,' because it attempts to analyze the relation betwen 'mind' and 'body' as if they were terms of the same logical category. Furthermore, Ryle argues that traditional Idealism makes a basic 'category-mistake' by trying to reduce physical reality to the same status as mental reality, and that Materialism makes a basic 'category-mistake' by trying to reduce mental reality to the same status as physical reality. Ryle rejects Descartes’ dualistic theory of the relation betwen mind and body. According to Ryle, this theory attempts to separate mental reality from physical reality, and it attempts to analyze mental processes as if the mind were distinct from the body. As an example of how this doctrine can be misleading, Ryle explains that knowing how to perform an act skillfully is not a matter of purely theoretical reasoning. Knowing how to perform an act skillfully is a matter of being able to think logically and practically, and is a matter of being able to put practical reasoning into action. Practical action is not necessarily produced by highly abstract reasoning, or by an intricate series of intellectual operations. The meaning of actions is not explained by making inferences about hidden mental processes, but is ... ...ocesses which are distinct from observable behavioral responses. Acts such as thinking, remembering, perceiving, and willing are defined by behavioral actions and by dispositions to perform behavioral actions. However, Ryle criticises Behaviorist theory for being overly simplistic and mechanistic, just as he criticizes Cartesian theory for being overly simplistic and mechanistic. While Cartesian theory asserts that hidden mental processes cause the behavioral responses of the conscious individual, Behaviorism asserts that stimulus-response mechanisms cause the behavioral responses of the conscious individual. Ryle argues that both the Cartesian theory and the Behaviorist theory are too simplistic and mechanistic to enable us to fully understand the Concept of Mind. Works Cited: Ryle, Gilbert. The Concept of Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1949.

Motivation

Describe, compare and contrast one process and one content theory of motivation. Evaluate how appropriate they are for organisations today. Motivation is the desire or willingness of someone to do something. Craig C. Pinder (1998) defined work motivation as a â€Å"set of internal and external forces that initiate work related behaviour and determine its form, direction, intensity and duration. † Motivation plays an important role in a business environment, as employee motivation is believed to improved work performance.Discussed in this essay are two types of motivation theories; Content theory which tries to identify specific needs that motivate people and Process theories which is based on developing models relating needs, motives and behaviour. In this essay, I aim to asses content and process theories accordingly; Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Stacey Adams Equity Theory; comparing these theories and highlighting any assumptions, strengths, weakness , positives and negatives individually and comparatively to be able to come to a critical conclusion as to whether these theories are suitable for organisations today.My content theory is based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, published in 1943 by Abraham Maslow. His hypothesis was that â€Å"human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies† as quoted in his publication of A Theory of Human Motivation in 1943 (p. 370). In hierarchical order physiological needs which entails food, water, shelter and warmth. Safety needs refers to security, stability and freedom from fear. Social needs include the need for affection and friendships. Esteem needs refers to ego needs, recognition and respect.Finally, Self-actualisation, realisation of ones full potential ‘becoming everything that one is capable of becoming. ’ â€Å"When one set of needs is satisfied, it ceases to be a motivating factor. Thereafter the next set of needs in the hierarchy order takes places,à ¢â‚¬  (Maslow, 1943) this continually occurs until the assumption of self-actualisation is satisfied, as Maslow stated, â€Å"a satisfied need is no longer a motivator. † Equity Theory, a process theory first proposed by Stacey Adams in 1963 ocuses on people’s feelings on how fairly they have been treated in comparison with the treatment received by others. It is based on exchange theory (Homans 1961) undergoing an exchange process, which involve inputs and outcomes. In ‘Social Behaviour: its Elementary Forms’ by George C. Homans he created the rule of ‘Distributive Justice’: â€Å" a man in exchange relation with another will expect that the reward of each man be proportional to his costs†¦ the greater the investments, the greater the profit,† (Homans 1961 p. 75).Numerous business environments present inequality, however, the acknowledgement of inequality will motivate an individual to decrease or eradicate the inequality. These two theories illustrate a relationship in terms of how they motivate individuals by fulfilling a need that affects them both mentally and physically; for example, Maslow’s theory suggests you will be motivated to the next ‘higher level’ of needs if the previous level is fulfilled satisfactorily, if this is not met, work performance will deteriorate and affect individuals mentally or physically as they cannot advance to the next level.As well as, Adams Equity Theory; Work on Walster, Berscheid and Walster, 1973 was covered by Kingsley, Catherine, Park, Hee Sun and Lee, Hye Eun (2007) where they suggested â€Å"mathematically, equity theory predicts that people will be uncomfortable in relationships in which their own ratio of inputs to outcomes is not equivalent to the other party’s ratio of inputs to outcomes†, in other words, this ‘discomfort’ can lead to further enthusiasm to reach the next goal or increase input to ultimately increas e outcomes to reach satisfaction and eliminate the ‘discomfort’.Furthermore, research has proved that both theories of Maslow and Adams can result in consequential behaviour if their needs are unable to be satisfied. For instance, Maslow’s theory states there are five stages of the hierarchy, considering psychological needs are most important, in having a healthy work relationship, if this is not fulfilled, individuals might resort to criminal activities to satisfy that need in order to survive.Similarly, evidence from research highlight that there are negative ways in which workers can redress inequality; As seen in Organizational behaviour and Work, Wilson, Fiona M, (2010), it highlights the ways in which individuals act negatively towards inequity â€Å"underpayment leads to lowered job performance (Prichard et al. , 1972; Lord and Hohenfeld, 1979). Another form of reaction to underpayment is disruptive, deviant behaviour, such as vandalism and theft (Holling er and Clark, 1983). Theft might be seen as a means to replenish feelings of underpayment inequity.The Hawthrone Studies conducted by Elton Mayo between 1924 and 1932, showed that employees are not just motivated by the money, â€Å"outcomes,† but their attitudes, â€Å"needs† as well. Initiating the human relations approach to management and the needs and motivation of employees was the primary concentre of managers. In short, both Maslow and Adams theories can be considered Equity theories of motivation. In some way, Equity Theory may seem more relatable to organisations today globally, as equity is part of the human rights laws, as compared to Maslow’s theory.Maslow’s theory is unmasked as ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede (1984), he stated, there are ‘cultural limitations’ in the study of this theory conducted by Haire, Ghiselli and Porter (1966) where Haire et al, concluded ‘the only nationality group that ordered their need importanc e almost, and their need satisfaction exactly, in the Maslow order was the U. S. managers. The other nationalities showed more or less deviant patterns. ’ Hoftsede argues that Maslow’s theory is based on an individualistic society seeking self-actualisation as their most important goal/need.However, in collectivist societies such as China seeking â€Å"harmony† or â€Å"family support† or job satisfaction, which are not represented in the hierarchy of needs, are seen as their necessary goals. Nevis (1983) study emphasises that Maslow’s Hierarchy is not relatable to Chinese culture. His main observations were that there was a difference in the cultures in terms of belonging; Individualistic society as opposed to collectivist societies seeks belonging, whereas collectivist societies basic needs only emerge after they have satisfied their need to belong.This indicates Maslow’s theory is not appropriate to all cultures, however, there is a predo minant relationship illustrating the need for equity in business environments. Empirical support for Maslow’s Theory is lacking (Murcell 1976), Maslow himself admitted in 1962: ‘my motivation theory was published 20 years ago†¦ nobody repeated it, tested it, or really analysed or criticized it. ’ Lowry (1982: 63). Another criticism discussed (McLeod 2007) concerning the assumption that the lower needs must be satisfied before a person can achieve their full potential and self-actualise.McLeod (2007) argues that this is not always the case, and therefore the theory is ‘falsified. ’ Many creative people such as authors, musicians and artists have exhibited self-actualisation without meeting the lower needs. Van Gogh, who was poor and considered by many psychotic; Rembrandt, who had no food or majority of the basic psychological needs; Toulouse Lautrec, whose body tormented him; were all engaged in some form of self actualisation. Perhaps the devel opment of uniqueness and creativity in meeting some of the levels, in someway compensates for the lack of having the basics.It is sensible however to state that some people aim for self actualisation even when their physiological needs or lower needs are not fully met. Moreover, Maslow defined self-actualisers as people of great accomplishment such as dignitaries and presidents. This statement makes it complex to understand the concept of self-actualisation. In fact, Muchinsky (1993) states that Maslow’s theory is more philosophical than empirical, which means it is complicated to test.The only way to do so is to say that ‘all people are at different stages of development, and all of them are self actualisers in some form,’ Poston (2009). Another weakness is the arrangement of hierarchy; Bellot & Tutor (1990) argue that the arrangement does not apply to organisations today and modern society. They conclude that ‘self actualisation is a proponent need fo r self-esteem’ implying self-esteem would follow only after self- actualisation, which is clearly not illustrated in the Maslow’s theory model.Equity Theory can be assessed into four basic propositions according to Huseman, Hatfield and Miles (1987). One of the propositions being: Individuals develop their perception of fairness by calculating a ratio of their inputs and outcomes and then comparing this to the ratios of others (Huseman, et al. , 1987). Noticeably some inputs and outcomes are intangible, in the sense that they cannot be measured or quantified such as Inputs: experience, knowledge, ability, qualifications and ambition of the individual (Cory, 2006) and outcomes: recognition or job security.This makes coming to a suitable conclusion for an individual’s input and outcomes ratios more difficult as these concepts are intangible, meaning it is difficult to define or understand, as it is vague and abstract a concept. Another proposition suggests that: a s the difference in inequity increase, the tension and distress felt by individuals will increase (Huseman, et al. , 1987). However, not every person will experience equity or inequity in the same way because people have varying tolerance levels for sensitivity to perceived situations of inequity.Huseman et al. , suggest that there are three types of individuals on an Equity Sensitivity Spectrum: Benevolent (more tolerant of under-reward), Equity Sennsitives (follow the ‘norm’ of equity theory) and Entitled (prefer over-reward situations)(Huseman, et al. , 1987). In my earlier statements about Wilson, Fiona M, (2010) work that highlights the ways in which individuals act negatively towards inequity may be narrowed down using this spectrum, unlike the generic idea that â€Å"underpayment leads to lowered job performance (Prichard et al. 1972; Lord and Hohenfeld, 1979). Using the spectrum, Benevolents, will experience distress and guilt if they are in a situation of over -reward. Equity Sensitives, will experience distress when faced with either type of inequity and Entitleds, experience distress when in an equitable or under reward situation. This structure is useful for addressing and understanding equity theory and individuals behaviour. However, needless to say this is just a broad spectrum. The Equity Sensitivity Spectrum does not account for all individual differences in preferences and behaviour.Individuals might show different equity sensitivities in different contexts (Huseman, et al. , 1987). For instance an individual might be Equity Sensitive in their relationships, favouring an equitable balance. Conversely, they might be an Entitled in business environments and are open to the idea of over-reward. Equity theory in a business environment is said to be less damaging if employees are given a voice, respect and feeling of belonging in a workplace. â€Å" People feel affirmed if the procedures that are adopted treat hem with respect and di gnity, making it easier to accept outcomes they do not like,† Deutsch, 2000, p. 45). Skarlicki and Folger (1997) found that employees that are treated with respect are more likely to tolerate unfair pay. The perception of inequity is more likely to be tolerated if employees feel comfortable, belong and are respected by their employer. This further prevents detrimental behaviour an employee is likely to illustrate, if uncompensated for the inequity at work such as counter-productivity work.These intangible concepts such as respect help maintain or increase motivation and prevent problems that arise from under-reward. Cultural differences influence the equity theory (Fadil, Williams, Limpaphayom, and Smatt, 2005). Research shown on Eastern culture illustrate that, equality as opposed to equity was preferred (Leung and Bond, 1982, 1984; Leung and Park, 1986; Mahler, Greenberg and Hayashi, 1981 as cited in Fadil et al. , 2005). Eastern cultural shows that rewards will be given out equally to all those involved in the group’s performance regardless of individual inputs or personal efforts (Fadil, et al. 2005). This is probably as a result of primary sector being the most occupied sector in these cultures. Equality as opposed to Equity is a good ideology that will benefit the equity theory significantly. The business climate today allows Maslow and Adams theory to be applied, although to a limiting degree. Undoubtedly, both theories have shown weakness, strengths and assumptions, which I have explored widely. Today, Maslow’s model is relatable because people do seek to achieve psychological, safety, social and esteem needs, and to discover the realm of self-actualisation.However, as discussed, Maslow’s theory is a very individualistic model that does not relate globally, in collectivist societies. Thus, proving that Maslow’s theory may not be appropriate to business environments globally, which practice collectivism such as China. A lternatively, Adams theory is more fitting for business environments globally in the present and certainly in the future as equity is seen as a necessity of human rights. Finally, ’one of the difficulties in motivating workers is that they, all are ifferent and react differently to the same kind of change or action. ’(Haleopota, 2005) once this concept is understood, it is much easier to regard these theories individually, monitoring the effects on an individual over short and prolonged periods of time. These theories discussed are outdated and difficult to empirically test, even though they have been published for years now. Businesses evolve over the years and structures rotate as time goes along. Needless to say, some aspects of these theories are relatable today but are quickly diminishing.It is essential to remember ‘the concept of motivation is somewhat abstract, different strategies produce different results at different times, and there is no single strat egy that can produce guaranteed favourable results all the time. ’(Halepota, 2005). Bibliography List of references Bellott, F. K. , & Tutor, F. D. (1990). â€Å"A Challenge to the Conventional Wisdom of Herzberg and Maslow Theories†, Paper presented at the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association. New Orleans, LA Berscheid, E. , Walster, G. , & Hatfield Walster, E. 1978, Equity: Theory & Research, Allyn & Bacon, Inc. Brain, C 2002, Advanced Psychology: Applications, Issues & Perspectives, Nelson Thrones, Cheltenham. p 131-132. Cory, C. , 2006, Equity theory and employee motivation, Buzzle, retrieved from http://www. buzzle. com/editorials/6-24-2006-100325 Deutsch, M. , 2000, Justice and conflict, In M. Deutsch and P. T Coleman (Eds), the Handbook of conflict resolution: theory and practice, San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Inc. Publishers. Eisenhardt, K. M. , The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Jan. , 198 9), pp. 57-74Fadil, P. A. , Williams, R. J. , Limpaphayom, W. , & Smatt, C. , 2005, Equity and Equality? A Conceptual Examination of the Influence of Individualism/Collectivism on the Cross-cultural Application of Equity Theory, Cross Cultural Management, 12 (4), 17-36 Geare, A 1977, Wage Payment Systems, Methuen, New Zealand. P 80 Greenberg, J. , 1988, Equity and Workplace Status: a Field Experiment, Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 606-613 Greenberg, J. , 1990, Employee Theft as a Reaction to Underpayment Inequity: The Hidden Cost of pay cuts, Journal of Applied Psychology, 5, 561-563Halepota, H. A. ; 2005 A Motivational Theories and Their Application in Construction, Cost Engineering Vol. 47/No. 3 March, 2005, p. 14. Hallez, T. , Ball, B. , 2010, ‘Stacey Adams Equity Theory', Your Coach, Accessed 12th November 2012, Source: from http://http://www. yourcoach. be/en/employee-motivation-theories/stacey-adams-equity-theory. php Hofstede, G. , 1984, The Cultural relativity of the Quality of Life Concept, Academy of Management Review Vol. 9 issue. 3 p. 389-39 Hollinger, R. C. , & Clark, J. P. 1983, Deterrence in the workplace: Perceived Certainty, Perceived Severity, and Employee Theft. Social Forces, 5, 561-568 Huseman, R. C. , Hatfield, J. D. , and Miles, E. W. , Lawler, E. 1968, ‘Equity theory as a predictor of productivity and work quality’, Psychological Bulletin, vol. 70, pp. 598-610 Maslow, A 1970, Motivation and Personality, 3rd ed. , Harper ;amp; Row, New York. Chapter 2: p. 15-31. Huseman, R. C. , Hatfield, J. D. , Miles, E. W. , 1987, The Academy of Management Review, Vol 12(2), p. 222-234 Maslow, Abraham H. , Lowry, Richard J. 1940-, Maslow, Bertha G, Freedman, Jonathan L. , and International Study Project The journals of Abraham Maslow. Lewis Pub. Co, Lexington, Mass, 1982. McLeod, S 2007, ‘Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs', Simple Psychology, Accessed 11th November 2012, Source: from http://http://www. simplypsychology. org/maslow. html Muchinsky, P. M. , 1993, Psychology applied to work: An introduction to industrial and organizational psychology, 4th edition, Brooks/Cole (Pacific Grove, Calif. ), p. 584 Oleson, M. , Exploring the Relationship between Money Attitudes and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 83-92, January 2004. Pinder, C. C. 1998. Work motivation in organizational behaviour. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Poston, B 2009, ‘Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs', An Exercise in Personal Explorations, Association of Surgical Technologists, p. 347-353 Pritchard, R. , 1969, ‘Equity theory: A review and critique', Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, vol. 4, issue 2, pp. 176-211 REDMOND, B 2009, ‘Equity Theory',  The Pennsylvania State University, PSYCH 484: Work Attitudes and Job Motivation, pp. -16 Rakowski, N 2011, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Model – the Difference of the Chinese and the Western Pyramid on the Example of Purchasing Luxurious Products, GRIN Verlag. Shapiro, D. , Steers, R. M. , ;amp; Mowday, R 2004, ‘INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL TOPIC FORUM THE FUTURE OF WORK MOTIVATION THEORY', The Academy of Management Review, vol. 29 issue 3, pp. 379-387 The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Apr. , 1987), pp. 222-234 Trevino, A. Javier (2009) ‘George C. Homans, the human group and elementary social behaviour', the encyclopaedia of informal education, p. [Www. infed. org/thinkers/george_homans. htm] WAHBA, M. , ;amp; BRIDWELL, L. , 1976, ‘Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory', ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE, vol. 15, pp. 212-240 Westerman, C. , Park, H-S. , ;amp; lee, H-E. , 2007, A Test of equity theory in multidimensional friendships: a comparison of the United States and Korea. Journal of Communication, 57, 576-598 Wilson, Fiona M (2010) â€Å"Chapter 6: Motivation†. Organizational behaviou r and work: a critical introduction, (pp. 123-142) Oxford: Oxford University Press Motivation This paper presents the findings with regards to the motivation levels of Officers in the Defense Sector under several parameters. The Indian Army serves as the ultimate instrument for maintaining the unity and the integrity of the nation in the face of external threats and internal unrest and disturbances. Teamwork breeds comradeship which, in turn, leads to pride in belonging to a team and fosters esprit De corps. Motivation thrives on a continuing sense of purpose and it is the Job of the commander to instill this purpose.Skill in the techniques of leadership is the foremost quality in the art of command and contributes very largely to success at all levels of war. The basic structure and motivational ethos of the armed forces in general and the Indian Army in particular, has remained rooted in the colonial context. The entire basis of military motivation has been focused around the Zeta/ honor and martial traditions of the sub-nationality based Regiment. The pride in the â€Å"G uam† (substantiation) has been the primary basis of the military motivational ideology. The history and achievements of the â€Å"Guam† have used to inspire the older.The Indian National Army (NINA) of Subtask Chancre Bose provided a readmes model for the Indian context. It had tried to apply the German and Japanese techniques of military motivation to the Indian context with considerable success. The relation between employee motivation level (dependent variable) with the extent of leadership behavior, organizational culture, team spirit, personal effectiveness and effect of financial motivators (independent variables), as reflected through analysis of data by using Crossbar and Chi-square method is presented as follows: 6. Extent of Leadership Behavior * Level of Employee Motivation Table 6. : Crossbar of Extent of Leadership Behavior * Level of Motivation in Defense Crossbar Level of Employee Motivation Low Medium High Total Autocratic Count 23 11 0 34 % within Exten t of Leadership Behavior 67. 6% 32. 4% 100. 0% Participative Count 6 64 9 79 7. 6% 81. 0% 11. 4% 100. 0% count 18 1937 Extent of Leadership Behavior Charismatic 48. 6% 51 100. 0% Total count 2993 28 150 19. 3% 62. 0% 18. 7% 100. 0% Table 6. 2: Chi Square of Extent of Leadership Behavior * Level of Motivation Chi- Square Tests Value UDF Assam. Gigs. (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 94. AAA 4 . 000 Likelihood Ratio 87. 164 4 .OHO Linear-by-Linear Association 65. 070 1 . 000 N of Valid Cases 150 a. O cells (. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6. 35. 124 Fig. 6. 1: Graph for Extent of Leadership Behavior * Level of Employee Motivation Table 6. 1 presents the information related to the extent of leadership behavior and level of motivation of the employees. It is evident that 81% of the employees falling in participative leadership behavior have a medium level of motivation, whereas in al other leadership behavior categories, around 41% of the employees have m edium level of motivation.Autocratic leadership style and behavior has sizeable 68% respondents in low level of motivation, whereas the relative percentage of participative and charismatic leadership behavior is much less. Hence, it seems that as the close-control leadership behavior is increasing, the level of employee motivation is decreasing. To test this association between extent of leadership behavior and level of employee motivation, Chi Square test (Table 6. 2) has been seed, Here, the null hypotheses is that there is no relationship between leadership behavior and level of employee motivation.A high Chi Square value, I. E. 94. 085 confirms this relationship. Asymptotic significance value has been 0. 000, which shows that the relationship is statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Thus, the null hypotheses, stating no relationship between leadership behavior and level of employee motivation stands rejected. Hence, it may be concluded that leadership behavior p lays a significant role in employee motivation. As the close control of dervish behavior increases, the level of employee motivation tends to decrease. 6. Organizational Culture * Level of Employee Motivation Table 6. 3: Crossbar of Organizational Culture * Level of Motivation Crossbar Level of Employee Less count 2429 1 54 Conducive % within Organizational Culture 44. 4% 53. 7% 1. 9% 100. 0% Moderately count 5 37 7 49 10. 2% 75. 5% 14. 3% 100. 0% count 0 27 20 47 Organizational Culture Highly 57. 4% 42. 6% 100. 0% % within 19. 3% 62. 0% 18. 7% 100. 06 Table 6. 4: Chi Square of Organizational Culture * Level of Motivation Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square 54. 60AAAikelihood Ratio 60. 297 4 .OOOHOinear-by-Linear Association 47. 912 1 . 000 a. O cells (. 0%) have expected c oumountess than 5. The minimum expected count is 8. 77. Fig. 6. 2: Graph for Organizational Culture * Level of Employee Motivation Table 6. 3 presents the information related to the organizational culture and le vel of motivation of the employees. It is evident that 76% of the employees falling in moderately conducive organization culture have a medium level of motivation, whereas in all other organizational culture categories, around 55% of the employees have medium level of motivation.Less conducive organizational culture has sizeable 44% respondents in low level of motivation, whereas the relative percentage of moderately and highly conducive organization culture is much less. Hence, it seems that with more conducive organization culture, the level of employee motivation is increasing. To test this association between organizational culture and level of employee motivation, Chi Square test (Table 6. 4) has been used, Here, the null hypotheses is that there is no relationship between organizational culture and level of employee motivation.A moderately high Chi Square value, i.I. 54. 060 confirms this relationship. AsAsymptoticignificance value has been 0. 000, which shows that the relatio nship is statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Thus, the null hypotheses, stating no relationship between organizational culture and level of employee motivation stands rejected. Hence, it may be concluded that organizational culture plays a significant role in employee motivation. With more conducive organization culture, the level of employee motivation is increasing. 6. 3 Team Spirit * Table 6. : CrCrossbarf Team Spirit * Level of Motivation LOW count 24 24 0 48 within -ream spirit 50. 0% 50. 0% 100. 0% Moderate count 5 48 5 58 % within -ream spirit 8. 6% 82. 8% 8. 6% 100. 0% count 0 21 2344 Team Spirit High % within -ream spspent7. 7% 52. 3% 100. 0% % within -ream spirit 19. 3% 62. 0% 18. 7% 100. 0% Table 6. 6: Chi Square of Team Spirit * Level of Motivation Chi-Square Tests Pearson Chi-Square 80. 60AAAikelihood Ratio 83. 585 4 . OOOHOinear-by-Linear Association 62. 774 1 . 000 a. O cells (. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 8. 2 1 . 129 Fig. 6. : Graph for Team Spirit * Level of Employee Motivation Table 6. prPresentshe information related to the team spirit and level of motivation of the employees. It is evident that 83% of the employees having moderate team spirit have a medium level of motivation, whereas in all other team spirit categories, around 49% of the employees have medium level of motivation. Low team spirit has sizeable 50% respondents in low level of motivation, whereas the relative percentage of high team spirit is much less. Hence, it seems that as the team spirit is increasing, the level of employee motivation is increasing.To test this association between team piprintnd level of employee motivation, Chi Square test (Table 6. 6) has been used, Here, the null hypotheses is that there is no relationship between team spirit and level of employee motivation. A high Chi Square value, i.Ie.E80. 607 confirms this hypotheses, stating no relationship between team spirit and level of employee motivat ion stands rejected. Hence, it may be concluded that team spirit plays a significant role in employee motivation. As the team spirit of employee increases, the level of motivation tends to increase. 6. 4 Personal Effectiveness * Level of Employee Table 6. CrCrossbarf Personal Effectiveness * Level of Motivation CrCrossbarOW count 1260 18 % within Personal Effectiveness 66. 7% 33. 3% 100. 0% Medium count 14 564 74 18. 9% 75. 7% 5. 4% 100. 0% count 3 31 2458 Personal 5. 2% 53. 4% 41 100. 0% 19. 3% 62. 0% 18. 7% 100. 01 Table 6. 8: Chi Square of Personal Effectiveness * Level of Motivation Chi-Square Pearson Chi-Square 58. 544aAAAelihood Ratio 55. 162 4 . OOO OHOear-by-Linear Association 44. 284 1 . 000 a. 2 cells (22. 2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 3. 36. Fig. 6. 4: Graph for Personal Effectiveness * Level of Employee Motivation Table . presPresents information related to the personal effectiveness and level of motivation of the employees. It is ev ident that 76% of the employees having medium personal effectiveness have a medium level of motivation, whereas in all other personal effectiveness categories, around 43% of the employees have medium level of motivation. Low personal effectiveness has sizeable 67% respondents in low level of motivation, whereas the relative percentage of high personal effectiveness is much less. Hence, it seems that as the personal effectiveness is increasing, the level f employee motivation is increasing moderately.To test this association between personal effectiveness and level of employee motivation, Chi Square test (Table 6. 8) has been used, Here, the null hypotheses is that there is no relationship between personal effectiveness and level of employee motivation. A moderately high Chi Square value, i. eI 5E. 544 confirms this relationship. AsymAsymptoticnificance value has been 0. 000, which shows that the relationship is statistically significant at 5% level of significance. Thus, the null hy potheses, stating no relationship between personal ffeceffectiveness level of employee motivation stands rejected.Hence, it may be concluded that personal effectiveness plays a significant role in employee motivation. As the personal effectiveness of employee increases, the level of motivation tends to increase moderately. 6. 5 Effect of Financial Motivators * Level of Employee Motivation Table 6. 9: CrosCrossbarEffect of Financial Motivators * Level of Motivation CrosCrossbar count 10 27 1047 Affected % within Effect of Financial Motivators 21 57. 4% 21 100. 0% count 1966 18 103 Effect of Financial 18. 4% 64. 1% 17. 5% 100. 0% Table 6. 0: Chi Square of Effect of Financial Motivators * Level of Motivation Pearson Chi-Square . 12a AAA 736 Likelihood Ratio . 608 2 . 738 Linear-by-Linear Association . 008 1 . 929 a. O cells (. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 8. 77. Fig. 6. 5: Graph for Effect of Financial Motivators * Level of Employee Motivation Tabl e 6. 9 presents the information related to the effect of financial motivators and level of motivation of the employees. It is evident that 64% of the employees affected by financial motivators have a medium level of motivation, whereas those unaffected by inanuncialivators, i. eI aEouAround of the employees have medium level of motivation.Of the employees affected as well as not affected by financial motivators, sizeable 20% respondents have low level of motivation. Hence, it seems that there is no much variation in motivation level of the employees affected by financial motivators and the ones not affected by financial motivators. To test this association between effect of financial motivators and level of employee motivation, Chi Square test (Table 6. 10) has been used, Here, the null hypotheses is that there is no elatlegislationween financial motivators and level of employee motivation.A low Chi Square value, i. eI 0E 612 confirms this non-relationship. AsymAsymptoticnificance v alue has been 0. 736, which shows that the relationship is statistically insignificant at 5% level of significance. Thus, the null hypotheses, stating no relationship between financial motivators and level of employee motivation stands accepted. Hence, it may be concluded that financial motivators have no significant effect on employee motivation. Hence, there is no relationship between financial motivators and level of employee motivation.

Cross Cultural perspectives

The company decided to use was Struck Corporation. Struck has been an iconic symbol in the coffee industry here in the United States. It is a place where people go to meet, work; do school work, and many other things. Struck Corporation has created an atmosphere that makes people feel okay with spending six dollars or more on a latte. Although its great success in the United States and many other countries, Struck has really struggled to thrive in Europe. Struck CEO Howard Schultz traveled to Italy in 1983 and was really inspired by their espresso bars.He saw the potential in the concept off coffee house thriving in Seattle. Schultz really took that idea and sculpted it into everything the American people were looking for. As the company grew and expanded into other countries, it eventually came full circle and ended up back in Europe, where the idea began. This would prove to be more off struggle than expected. You would think that Struck would thrive in a country that lives off cof fee and tea. The espresso and latte experience in Europe is an everyday thing; apart of the culture.Struck is having a difficult time bringing an American version of a coffee shop to Europe. Its reputation of having a fast food type atmosphere isn't doing the trick. The European people need a more intimate experience. One problem that Struck is having in Europe is the way they serve the coffee. The iconic paper cup and sleeve isn't cutting it in Europe. I feel it portrays a cheaper product. Also, Struck has a fast food type environment. When in Europe the coffee shops are sit down restaurants almost. Struck needs to learn how to adapt to the European cafe culture.Struck very modern look and dcore have not been keeping up with the elaborate dcore of the cafeg's in Europe. In 2012 the New York Times captured a picture of a beautifully decorated coffee shop. It had big comfortable velvet chairs that filled the room. Chandeliers line the ceilings and just a beautiful atmosphere. To my s urprise it was a Struck. They were successful in creating an atmosphere that holds to European tradition. In Europe you do not go to a coffee shop to be waited on. Even though they do have servers they do not work on tips.All of this is very different from an American coffee shop. Struck has really perfected coffee shops here in America. Instead of an elaborately decorated room, it's more Of a modern and sleek area for enjoying your favorite cup of coffee. Also, there are no servers coming to your table, but energetic baristas brewing amazing coffee with a smile and a small conversation. Struck may be on to something in Europe trying to adapt to their way of doing things. In order to keep turning a profit out in Europe they must continue to disguise themselves as a local coffee shop.In the New York Times article In Europe, Struck Adjusts to a Cafe Culture where they quote local coffee goers. Daphnia Monitor 19 year old Parisian said, â€Å"We see stars like Kim Sardinian in all the magazines walking around with a Struck,† and, â€Å"My friends and I come because it's hip. † What this tells me is that the American lifestyle is being mimicked. Especially when very famous influential people are going to Struck regularly. There are several viable solutions for Struck in Europe. The key would be to not spend extra money but to shift the money that is being spent.When opening new stores, Struck would have to go about the dcore in a different way. Change from paper cups and sleeves to mugs and plates, and still stay true to being environmentally friendly. Last, the training and Struck team should never change. Struck can change the dcore by going from a modern look and shift it to very elaborate looking decorations. Interior decorations in Europe don't have the same color schemes as we have here in the United States. Having big comfortable chairs of some kind of fabric instead of modern chairs and leather couches.Incorporating chandeliers and mirrors to make the rooms kick bigger and fancier. One major misconception of Struck in Europe is the iconic coffee cups and sleeves. Unfortunately this is perceived as a lesser product, even though this is not the case. This will save money in several different types of cups, sleeves, and much more. A coffee cup that can be rewashed and reused will save a lot of money and will take very minimal water to wash. Also, adding Rupee's favorite treats to accompany the drinks will be a great addition. If the ambiance was altered and the cups changed, the consumer will not know he difference.They are judging the coffee before they even get a chance to taste it. Some are lured in by the fact that it is an American company enjoyed by the stars. American celebrity endorsements and maybe invitations to store openings would help raise customer interest. Customers will continue to drink it as long as it is portrayed and interpreted as cool or hip. Lastly, the employee training is key. This is something th at must not be tainted no matter what changes around them. Customer involvement and connection has been and continues to be absolutely crucial part of Struck success.This is what separates Struck from any other coffee shop American or European. Continuing to hire fun, charismatic, and hardworking people no matter what culture and nationality is essential to the company thriving anywhere. Also, putting the Correct people in management is a key part Of the team. In conclusion, there are several WAP to lure in the European people to Struck. Adapting to European culture can and will be very beneficial. SSH fitting the image slightly but keeping the priorities in tact will be essential. Changing from paper to glass mugs will help lower costs and bring people onto the stores. Cross cultural perspectives The international market is the primp situation for all companies, even though almost every organization experiences growth as time passes. The main goal of almost every big business Is to be able to reach the largest market and enable growth; the international market. There are many different things that International markets bring to an organization, advantage wise, for Instance a bigger brand name, international market shares, Investors, or even growth that will allow the capability to be able to manufacture many products for a lot less expensive labor cost.Even though most companies want to go big or go home, there are bound to be many different obstacles and difficulties in making the bigger picture happen. Between going national and international, there are so many deferent moral and social responsibilities that must be overcome as the organization progresses through the ranks to be a worldwide international organization. The organization that I choose is the Levi Strauss compa ny, I love the Jeans and there is an over abundant amount of information available to the public about the history of their organization.Levi Strauss and Company, which Is based In San Francisco, California has actually been one of many different companies that have been able to overcome all the adversity and become an International organization and one of the largest retail sale producers In apparel. The organization has their headquarters in California, but they are able to operate and be successful with their different plants and operations in 110 different nations across the globe. Breaking down the split of what their income as a company is generally split from the United States and outside the border to a ear 50/50 split.Actually, Levi Strauss has recently been dealing with issues with foreign organizations to incorporate stockholders, media sites, investment companies, and even employees' right's unions. There were noted to be a lot of different reasons that people were getti ng upset with Levi Strauss and Company, but one of the major reasons Levi Strauss and Company incurred so much trouble was in their two plants in Bangladesh. There was mass confusion about the laws and stipulations In that country compared to the united States.What was stated Is that Levi Strauss was ring employees that were below the minimum age requirement, but in all actuality, in Bangladesh, there are different laws as to how old an individual must be to work in a similar plant as Levi Strauss and Company. The minimum age for an individual to work at a manufacturing plant comparable to Levi Strauss and Company is sixteen. When one looks at the history of Bangladesh, there is nothing out of the ordinary to see children, ages fifteen and younger to be out in the workforce and helping with their families household income.One issue in Bangladesh to be specific is their lack f producing a birth certificate to prove age, another issue that has been brought up is the lack of nutrition for the supposedly younger kids, who most likely look younger than they actually are. Even though these younger people are working In different Levi Strauss' plants, these types of situations are very evident and continuous even though the Conditions of Engagement for and from Levi Strauss and Company. Levi Strauss isn't the first one to be in the microscope from external stakeholders for child As an ethical international company, Levi Strauss seems to have the moral views of he majority of people. To ensure they stay ethical, there are a few things that the organization must follow like the encouragement of dialogs interactions, motivation of involvement in making decisions, adjusts personal as well as company goals and conducts, imposes direct responsibility for expecting and addressing ethical crises.These would be the most basic ethical requirements required by Levi Strauss along with an international anti bribery plan, a global rule of business actions, and An anti- corruption plan. During the year 2008, the organization was once again in the spotlight from many external pressures by the way they were breaking different child labor laws, like the way that Uzbekistan has been doing the same thing. Not only did Levi Straus help take care of the issue, but they have confessed that they have worried about the problem for a very long time.Following the different problems, Levi Strauss and company went through major changes including no use of any product coming from Uzbekistan. Being involved in such a critical matter, Levi Strauss and company took added measures to relieve the pressure and stress from the child labor laws by not only ruminating employees that were part of the infractions, but would continue to help assist them with full pay and benefits contingent on them going to school and completing that for themselves and their families.Laws against labor of underage is definitely a major concern for Levi Strauss, but unfortunately with having 110 differe nt countries subject to the same standards, there are always other obstacles for the organization to overcome because they are such a large international organization. One of the other obstacles that happens more often than almost anything is discrimination in the workplace. This has actually become more of a recognized problem and enforced almost worldwide, not Just in the United States.Many attempts to regulate discrimination are moral and the practices therein are sure to find their way into problems. In Vietnam, operational corruption is one of the biggest moral challenges to overcome, and it includes Levi Strauss and Company. Corruption in organizations has been noted to take away three to four percent of the world's total gross domestic products each year. In one of the latest researches, 67% of business proprietors inVietnam presume that they will have to pay for a bribe at some stage in a particular year to carry on in business operations (Inrush & Areola, 2010) These two ex amples are not even scratching the surface as to what an international organization must face on a daily basis to keep their head above water and to keep themselves profitable. The way that Levi Strauss and Company have been able to continue to be successful is the fact that they were able to instate one set of written rules and guideline to have as a basis for all of their companies and plants around the world to abide by.This type of action is Just a preventative method that instills the idea and provides a little insurance plan to help prevent allegations of wrongdoings. Levi Strauss and Company is much like all international companies in the way that they have to uphold their integrity and ensure that they are conducting business in a throughout the company, a simple memo will not suffice. There must be people all over the world at all the different plants making sure that the code of ethics provided by the company are met and are not too specific to follow by all employees.If t hese hypes of actions have been thought of years ago, there probably would never have been an issue in Bangladesh and the underage labor that was happening and they could have avoided that completely. Many, many businesses are striving for the international market in today's society. They are all wanting growth and potentially higher earnings. Social and Moral factors are often overlooked and ignored when businesses are up and coming. There will never be a way for one method or one set of rules to govern any international company from one end to another.Arrangements according to the environment and he nation are essential clues to help adjust for each little market in the bigger picture of international business. The more of the little things each international companies do to ensure moral and social obligations, the longer and more thriving their business will become and continue to prosper. References Five compliance and ethics issues to consider in Vietnam. 2010, Gregory Inrush & Fernando Areola. Retrieved from http://knowledgeable. Thunderbird. Dude/ research/2009/11/04/Vietnam/ Levi Strauss & Co. (Unknown) 2010. Retrieved from http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Levi_Strauss_&_Co. Cross Cultural Perspectives For many years, Nike Inc has been known worldwide as the champion of athletic gear producers, being a global leader in business and marketing. The company experienced a tremendous growth between 1970s and 1990s, dominating the global athletic footwear and apparel market (Cartey, 2002). However, in 1990s, Nike started facing a fierce criticism for its unethical practices of conducting business in developing countries.Critics accused Nike for poor working conditions, exploitation of cheap overseas labor, and violation of minimum wage and overtime laws in countries, such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Mexico, where the company had outsourced its manufactures. Instead of using ethical means to developing a global brand, Nike used child labor and every possible cheap way to increase its profits. Like many other U. S. companies, Nike manufactures its products in third world countries. Workers in these manufactures may earn as little as 12 cents per hour, working in unsafe, even dangerou s working environments.These manufactures are called sweatshops, and have triggered many objections from human right organizations for violating the basic human rights. Victoria Carty (2002) explains that: The Internet has significantly accentuated awareness of the controversies surrounding Nike’s business culture and practices. Information regarding corporate abuses has spread quickly through cyberspace, bringing bad publicity to new levels of awareness, and has facilitated mobilization among activists.It has also provided the resources and environment essential for organized mobilization in the form of a new social movement (NSM). When the labor activists and scholars began observing Nike’s labor practices, they discovered systematic violations of workers’ rights in Nike factories. Their findings resulted on health and safety absences in the working environment, discrimination against trade unions, forced overtime, unfair wages, and increasing production quota s whenever workers met them.Since assembly line workers in developing countries could not have success against the exploitation, citizens from the international community begun advocating for them and started an anti-Nike campaign to confront these unethical issues and demand corporate social responsibility and respect for human rights. These manufactures, on the other hand have allowed developing countries to expend their exports and improve their economies. Therefore, many debates have developed about globalization and global labor practices.While critics seek regulations to restrict the use of sweatshop labor, economists think that such regulations will harm the world’s poor. Proponents, who support sweatshops, argue that free trade without labor restrictions generates future prosperity and, therefore, better working conditions for the host country, by providing developed countries with access to cheaper goods. In turn, opportunities to exploit cost advantages in export ma rkets are greater. Based on their research, even terrible jobs provide some positive outcomes to a society, by benefiting others, who are not part of this employment.Workers can also earn job-related skills and provide benefits to the society at large. Eventually, a durable economic growth will improve the economic and social conditions of these people. That is why the economist Paul Krugman supports Myerson’s economic theory that â€Å"The overwhelming mainstream view among economists is that growth of this kind of employment is tremendous good news for the world's poor† (Arnold & Hartman, 2005). Sweatshops are the optimal solution for a developing nation’s economy.According to Arnold and Hartman (2005), â€Å"†¦the argument states that, however much we may not like some of what we see in the labor conditions of developing nations, this is the market at work; and the market works to generate overall improvements in economic welfare for a society. † They consider a moral obligation to perform actions that better enhance the overall satisfaction of these societies. Therefore, they argue, as many sweatshops as possible must be created and maintained. Is their evaluation legitimate?Generally, market economies have the potential to create tremendous economic growth in poor countries; ethical responsibilities would be that businesses which seek to benefit from that growth not do so by exploiting the human and natural resources of host countries (DesJardins, 2011). Although free markets generate benefits, certain boundary conditions hold firm. The relation between workers and their employers should be such that workers are fully informed about occupational health risks and their employment is truly voluntary, not through coercion.People must be able to make rational decisions about their self-interest, and no child should be held to the terms of any contract they enter into. Critics of sweatshops argue that workers may agree to work under poor conditions, because they have no other option to earn income, and they may not have enough information, prior to being employed in those sweatshops. Once they have made such choices, it would be extremely difficult for them to get out of a labor agreement and return to the previous circumstances.That is why the fact that workers agree to work under poor conditions does not mean they agreed to the kind of conditions they face. DesJardins (p. 280) explains that â€Å"Someone who chooses to surrender her money to an armed robber is also relatively better off than she otherwise would have been, but this fact does not justify the actions of the robber. † So, there is not a well-functioning free market in these countries. In contrast, they cause a social disruption, because people leave from their villages to depend on public social services in urban areas.An increased population in urban areas worsens sanitation and housing resources. Job losses from the closed factorie s in these countries result in a higher poverty. What should Nike do to show an ethical responsibility to business in these host countries? First, it should not tolerate any discretionary exploitation in the contractors it employs—for example, when managers try to extort sexual favors from vulnerable workers. Second, it should insist that the established labor laws be obeyed and also that governments enforce those rules uniformly.This will do away with impure structural exploitation. Third, it should press for structural solutions that end the exploitability of labor and do its fair share to repair the background circumstances that make taking unfair advantage possible. Certainly it should not lobby for policies that perpetuate or strengthen the structural conditions that permit businesses to exploit workers. In 1990s Nike started facing criticism from different human right organizations for poor labor conditions of its workers in foreign countries, in particular in Asian cou ntries.Nike has violated the minimum wage and overtime laws in these countries and has used the exploitation of the poor people to gain billions of dollars. These events have triggered many critics and economists to discuss and analyze the situation from a variety of ethical frameworks. Nike has tried to take actions to curb its practices and observe these manufactures to ensure that child labor is not being used. However, there is still much to do for applying the same ethical responsibility standards inside U. S. as well as in international business. Cross Cultural Perspectives For many years, Nike Inc has been known worldwide as the champion of athletic gear producers, being a global leader in business and marketing. The company experienced a tremendous growth between 1970s and 1990s, dominating the global athletic footwear and apparel market (Cartey, 2002). However, in 1990s, Nike started facing a fierce criticism for its unethical practices of conducting business in developing countries.Critics accused Nike for poor working conditions, exploitation of cheap overseas labor, and violation of minimum wage and overtime laws in countries, such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Mexico, where the company had outsourced its manufactures. Instead of using ethical means to developing a global brand, Nike used child labor and every possible cheap way to increase its profits. Like many other U. S. companies, Nike manufactures its products in third world countries. Workers in these manufactures may earn as little as 12 cents per hour, working in unsafe, even dangerou s working environments.These manufactures are called sweatshops, and have triggered many objections from human right organizations for violating the basic human rights. Victoria Carty (2002) explains that: The Internet has significantly accentuated awareness of the controversies surrounding Nike’s business culture and practices. Information regarding corporate abuses has spread quickly through cyberspace, bringing bad publicity to new levels of awareness, and has facilitated mobilization among activists.It has also provided the resources and environment essential for organized mobilization in the form of a new social movement (NSM). When the labor activists and scholars began observing Nike’s labor practices, they discovered systematic violations of workers’ rights in Nike factories. Their findings resulted on health and safety absences in the working environment, discrimination against trade unions, forced overtime, unfair wages, and increasing production quota s whenever workers met them.Since assembly line workers in developing countries could not have success against the exploitation, citizens from the international community begun advocating for them and started an anti-Nike campaign to confront these unethical issues and demand corporate social responsibility and respect for human rights. These manufactures, on the other hand have allowed developing countries to expend their exports and improve their economies. Therefore, many debates have developed about globalization and global labor practices.While critics seek regulations to restrict the use of sweatshop labor, economists think that such regulations will harm the world’s poor. Proponents, who support sweatshops, argue that free trade without labor restrictions generates future prosperity and, therefore, better working conditions for the host country, by providing developed countries with access to cheaper goods. In turn, opportunities to exploit cost advantages in export ma rkets are greater. Based on their research, even terrible jobs provide some positive outcomes to a society, by benefiting others, who are not part of this employment.Workers can also earn job-related skills and provide benefits to the society at large. Eventually, a durable economic growth will improve the economic and social conditions of these people. That is why the economist Paul Krugman supports Myerson’s economic theory that â€Å"The overwhelming mainstream view among economists is that growth of this kind of employment is tremendous good news for the world's poor† (Arnold & Hartman, 2005). Sweatshops are the optimal solution for a developing nation’s economy.According to Arnold and Hartman (2005), â€Å"†¦the argument states that, however much we may not like some of what we see in the labor conditions of developing nations, this is the market at work; and the market works to generate overall improvements in economic welfare for a society. † They consider a moral obligation to perform actions that better enhance the overall satisfaction of these societies. Therefore, they argue, as many sweatshops as possible must be created and maintained. Is their evaluation legitimate?Generally, market economies have the potential to create tremendous economic growth in poor countries; ethical responsibilities would be that businesses which seek to benefit from that growth not do so by exploiting the human and natural resources of host countries (DesJardins, 2011). Although free markets generate benefits, certain boundary conditions hold firm. The relation between workers and their employers should be such that workers are fully informed about occupational health risks and their employment is truly voluntary, not through coercion.People must be able to make rational decisions about their self-interest, and no child should be held to the terms of any contract they enter into. Critics of sweatshops argue that workers may agree to work under poor conditions, because they have no other option to earn income, and they may not have enough information, prior to being employed in those sweatshops. Once they have made such choices, it would be extremely difficult for them to get out of a labor agreement and return to the previous circumstances.That is why the fact that workers agree to work under poor conditions does not mean they agreed to the kind of conditions they face. DesJardins (p. 280) explains that â€Å"Someone who chooses to surrender her money to an armed robber is also relatively better off than she otherwise would have been, but this fact does not justify the actions of the robber. † So, there is not a well-functioning free market in these countries. In contrast, they cause a social disruption, because people leave from their villages to depend on public social services in urban areas.An increased population in urban areas worsens sanitation and housing resources. Job losses from the closed factorie s in these countries result in a higher poverty. What should Nike do to show an ethical responsibility to business in these host countries? First, it should not tolerate any discretionary exploitation in the contractors it employs—for example, when managers try to extort sexual favors from vulnerable workers. Second, it should insist that the established labor laws be obeyed and also that governments enforce those rules uniformly.This will do away with impure structural exploitation. Third, it should press for structural solutions that end the exploitability of labor and do its fair share to repair the background circumstances that make taking unfair advantage possible. Certainly it should not lobby for policies that perpetuate or strengthen the structural conditions that permit businesses to exploit workers. In 1990s Nike started facing criticism from different human right organizations for poor labor conditions of its workers in foreign countries, in particular in Asian cou ntries.Nike has violated the minimum wage and overtime laws in these countries and has used the exploitation of the poor people to gain billions of dollars. These events have triggered many critics and economists to discuss and analyze the situation from a variety of ethical frameworks. Nike has tried to take actions to curb its practices and observe these manufactures to ensure that child labor is not being used. However, there is still much to do for applying the same ethical responsibility standards inside U. S. as well as in international business.